| Netherlands | Rotterdam Climate Proof (2008); Adaptation Strategy (2013); implementation ongoing
What was done
Rotterdam, 90% of which lies below sea level, developed one of the world's most comprehensive urban climate adaptation strategies. The approach combines three functions: 'sponge' (absorbing excess rainfall through water squares, infiltration zones, green roofs, and porous paving); 'protection' (flood barriers, dyke reinforcement); and 'damage control' (resilient buildings, emergency management). The flagship intervention – water squares (waterpleinen) – are multifunctional public spaces that function as parks and playgrounds in dry conditions but collect and temporarily store stormwater during heavy rainfall events. Waterplein Benthemplein (completed 2013, designed by De Urbanisten) has become an international model. The adaptation strategy is implemented through the Rotterdam Water Plan 2 and Climate Change Adaptation Strategy, both mainstreamed into the municipal structural vision.
Key Outcomes
- Waterplein Benthemplein holds 1.7 million litres of stormwater while providing a recreational public space, reducing local flood risk and improving urban quality simultaneously.
- Rotterdam's approach uses climate adaptation as a catalyst for sustainable urban regeneration, attracting investment and improving the public realm in previously neglected areas.
- The strategy influenced EU green infrastructure guidance and is cited in the New Urban Agenda as a model of integrated climate adaptation.
- Rotterdam Climate Proof has been expanded to a regional programme covering the Delta metropolis.
- Replicated in modified form in Mexico City, Tokyo, Berlin, and multiple Chinese cities
More information: