• Sustainable Urban Mobility Plans (SUMPs): Multi-modal plans integrating transport modes, demand management, safety, and environmental objectives; participatory preparation; derived from and aligned with spatial plans (EU methodology, now adapted for non-EU and post-conflict contexts).
• Priority for public transport and active mobility: Quality BRT or light rail as structuring elements of urban form; protected cycling infrastructure; pedestrian-priority streetscapes; particularly cost-effective in the high-density, relatively flat urban contexts of MENA cities.
• Multimodal connectivity for informal and peripheral areas: Integration of informal settlements into the transport network through road formalisation and public transport routing; a prerequisite for equitable access to employment and services.
• Reconstruction as a transport reform opportunity: Post-conflict infrastructure rebuilding as a time-limited window to redesign street networks around sustainable mobility principles, before car-oriented travel patterns become entrenched.